Copper voltameter, to determine the electro chemical equivalent of copper, physics practical std 11 & 12

Copper voltameter

Copper voltameter

AIM :-

Connect given copper voltameter in an appropriate circuit determine the electro chemical equivalent of copper.

PRINCIPLE :-

On passing electric current through CuSO₄ solution, Cu⁺² and SO^-2₄ ions are separated or chemical effect of electric current.

PRECAUTIONS

The cathode plate should be throughly cleaned after rubbing with sand paper.

Pass only that much current as is obtained from the calculation of the area of the immersed part of the cathode plate.

Use only a fresh solution of CuSo₄. To prepare the solution dissolve about 25 g of CuSO₄ crystals in 100 cm³ water. Add a few drops of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) to make it more conducting.

Hold the plate from its upper end so as to avoid touching its surface.

Cathode plate should be washed immediately after it is taken out of the solution.

PROCEDURE :-

1. To Cathode plate  dip in clean water, and wash off all the CuSO₄, solution sticking to it. Thereafter wash it again with tap water.

2. Hold it in the sunshine for some time till it dries out. Now find out its mass by Physical balance.

Anode, Cathod, Sulphuric, Copper, voltameter, 

Electric, Solution, Water, 

Copper voltameter apparatus

Copper voltameter line diagram

Copper voltameter practical

Copper voltameter practical result

Table of Copper voltameter result

Calculation of copper voltameter

For more details View Video.

Copper voltameter.

Rocks, Minerals and Metals, for Standard 8 theory and practical With Understanding drawings.

Science for Standard 8 theory and practical With Understanding drawings.

Rocks, Minral and Metals

Rocks, Minerals and Metals

Rocks are found on the crust of the earth and made up of mineral

SHALE,

LIMESTONE,

SANDSTONE,

FOLDED ROCK FORMATION,

GAS,

OIL,

WATER,

IRON ROCK,

Rocks Minral and Metals

Some are coarse grained as granite. Clay has much fine grains that we cannot see them separately. If you closely examine a piece of granite, you will find that it is made up of a number of substances under a magnifying lens or a microscope. Substances which assemble together to form rocks are called minerals. Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic substances.   

Magnifying lens to see sand grade

Tags:- Rocks, Mineral, Metal, Shale, Limestone, Sandstone, Rock_Formation, Gas, Oil, Water, Iron_Rock

The Earth’s Crust

Remainder of the crust consists of mainly six metals

(1) Aluminum (most abundant)

(2) Iron

(3) Calcium

(4) Sodium

(5) Potassium

(6) Magnesium.

Three forth of the earth crust is made just of two non metals.

(1) Oxygen (2) Silicon.

The average thickness of earth crust is 35 km under the continents and 10 km under the oceans.

Earth Crust

Tag:- Aluminum, Iron, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Earth’s_Crust

Rocks formation

Meaning:- Word derived from the latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire. First rock to appear on the earth’s  surface.

Formation:- Formed by the cooling and solidification of extremely hot molten material, magma below the earth crust.

               This magma pushes its way through earth’s crust with high pressure to form igneous rocks.

 Large part of west central part of our country called the Decean Plateau.

Granite is formed when the rising magma solidifies before reaching the surface in the form of coarse grained.

Igneous Rocks

By the deposition fo sediments SEDIMENTS are broken down particles of existing rocks which are deposited layers by layers by flowing water or wind in the sea along with dead plants and animals.

 All this are neatly preserved in the sediments.

 The process goes on for millions of years and the resultant rocks are called Sedimentary rocks.

 Sedimentary rocks contains the relics of plants & animal known as Fossils.

 They harden with age.

 Thickness of overlaying layers are usually soft.

Sedimentary Rocks

FORMATION :- When igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to intense heat, compression or fluid injection the physical & chemical properties changes which results in metamorphic rock

Metamorphic Rocs

Tag:- ignis, Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary  Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Heat,  Pressure, Formation

 Minerals

 Naturally occuring inorganic substances with specific composition.

 Substance which assemble together to form rocks are called Minerals. There are about 2000 distinctive minerals.

 A mineral made of atom of a single element or of more than one elements.

 It is identified by its physical properties such as colour, lustre,    hardness, specific gravity and cleavage. 

Types of Mineral

Non-metallic minerals and their uses

Minerals and their uses

Uses of Minerals

Some common ores :-

Some Common Ores

Tag: - Galena, Magnetite, Pyrite, Oxide, Sulphide, Aluminium, iron, Copper, Lead, Quarz, Feldspur , Mica, Rock salt, Gypsum, Talc, Pitch blend, Monazite.

BLAST FURNACE

Blast furnace and its structure

Blast furnace total height is about 30-40 meters.

FeO + CO ® Fe + CO₂

Iron oxide, limestone & coke

CaCO₃heat CaO + CO₂

CaO + SiO₂  ®CasiO₃

Impurities slag

Fe₂O₃  + C ® 2 Fe₃O₄ + CO

Fe₃O₄  + CO ® 3 FeO + CO₂

Out side portion is made up of steel, and inside portion is lined with fire bricks.

Middle portion of the furnace is known as BOSCH.its width is about 7-8 meters.

Cone & Glass shape

HOT AIR

Waste gas

SLAG

Calcium silicate

MOLTEN IRON

Blast furnace

The concentrated ore along with coke (c) and limestone are added to a blast furnace. Blasts of hot air at about 1900⁰ C are blown into the furnace lined with fire bricks. The coke reduces the ore to metallic iron. The molten iron collects at the bottom of the furnace. Limestone on heating decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with the sand and forms a slag (calcium silicate. 

Pig iron & Wrought iron

Pig iron and Wrought iron

Tag : - Slag, Waste gas, Blast_Furnace, Pig_iron, Wrought_Iron, Molten_iron, Calcium silicate, Iron_oxide

More details view Video Blast Furnace.

Beautiful understanding with animation  of how Blast furnace works. 

Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer, Biology practical std 11 & 12

Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer,

Potato Osmosis practical

Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer

AIM :-   To study osmosis by potato osmometer.

INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS               Petridish, scalpel, pins, Potatoes, sugar, water, eosine (stain). 

Conclusion :-

(A) When Potato bath is placed in  Hypotonic solution due to   osmosis the water flows from petridish containing   hypotonic   solution to the hypertonic solution in the   potato bath  and water   level  increases.

(B) When potato bath is placed in hypertonic solution due to   osmosis the water flows from potato bath containing   hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution in   petridish and   water level decreases.

(C)  Water flows from petridish to potato bath containing   concentrated   NaCl (Hypertonic solution)

More Details View Video :

Study of Osmosis by Potato Osmometer,

RATE OF FLOW OF WATER physics practical GSEB std 11 & 12

RATE OF FLOW OF WATER

RATE OF FLOW OF WATER

AIM :-

Fill water in a cylinder vessel, connected with a capillary, upto some height h_o. Allow water to flow through capillary in a controlled way and measure the height (h) of water, in vessel, at regular intervals (t) of time. Take ten such observations. Draw a graph of h ® t and find the half-life of the flow of water.

Apparatus :

Ø  A burette

Ø   A stand

Ø   A beaker

Ø   A stop-watch

Ø   A capillary of fine bore

Ø   A rubber tube

Ø   A pinch cock

Ø   water

Rate of flow of water apparatus

Rate of flow of water Practical

Calculation

Rate of flow of water observation table

Rate of flow of water graph

Rate of flow of water calculation

Graph of rate of flow of water

For more details view Video.

RATE OF FLOW OF WATER

Wave, wave motion, transverse wave, longitudinal wave gseb physics for std 11 &12

Wave and its Characteristics

Waves

Wave, wave motion, transverse wave, longitudinal wave gseb physics for std 11 &12

LET US FLOAT UP &  DOWN WITH

" WAVES "

CALM WATER BEHAVES  LIKE A PLANE  MIRROR, SO WE CAN SEE THE IMAGE ON IT.

WHEN  A STONE IS THROWN,  TRANSVERSE –WAVES PROPAGATE THROUGH WATER & THE IMAGE DISAPPEARS.

Waves 

DEFINITION:-
THE MOTION OF THE DISTURBANCE IN THE ELASTIC MEDIUM OR FREE SPACE IS CALLED A WAVE.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WAVE MOTION

1.WAVE MOTION IS A PERIODIC DISTURBANCE WHICH IS PRODUCED BY A VIBRATING BODY.

2.IN A WAVE MOTION,THE PARTICLES OF THE MEDIUM DO NOT MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER.THEY ONLY VIBRATE ABOUT FIXED POSITIONS,PASSIVE ON ENERGY THEY POSSESS FROM PARTICLES TO PARTICLE.

3.A WAVE MOTION TRAVELS AT THE SAME SPEED IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

4.A WAVE MOTION TRANSFERS ENERGY FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER.IT DOES NOT TRANSFER ANY MATTER.

5.THE VELOCITY OF WAVE MOTION DEPENDS ONLY ON THE MEDIUM AND NOT ON THENATURE OR MOTION OF THE SOURCE.

TYPES OF WAVES.

TRANSEVERSE WAVES

Transverse wave

A WAVE IN WHICH THE PARTICLES OF THE MEDIUM VIBRATE UP AND DOWN AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE MOTION IS CALLED A TRANSEVERSE WAVE.

EXAMPLES OF TRANSVERSE WAVE.

1.THE WAVES PRODUCED BY MOVING ONE END OF THE ROPE UP AND DOWN.

2.THE WAVES PRODUCED BY THROWING A STONE IN THE WATER.

3.LIGHT WAVES COMING FROM THE SUN.

LONGITUDINAL WAVES.

Longitudinal wave

A WAVE IN WHICH THE PARTICLES OF THE MEDIUM VIBRATE BACK AND FORTH IN THE SAME DIRECTION OF THE WAVE IS CALLED A LONGITUDINAL WAVE.

EXAMPLES :-

1. THE WAVES WHICH TRAVEL ALONG A SPRING.     2. THE SOUNDS PRODUCED BY TABLA, VIOLIN,    SITAR  ETC.

                              DISPLACEMENT-DISTANCE  GRAPH  OF TRANSVERSE  WAVE.

DEFFERENCE :-

Transverse wave

THE ELEVATION IN A TRANSVERSE WAVE IS CALLED CREST.

THE DEPRESSION IN A TRANSVERSE WAVE IS CALLED TROUGH.

LONGITUDINAL  WAVE.

Longitudinal wave 

When a longitudinal wave passes through a medium, say air, some of the particles of air get crowded together and form compressions whereas other particles go farther apart and form rarefactions. A longitudinal wave is represented pictorially by showing the compressions and rarefactions.

Waves

waves index

Waves Frequency

Wave length

Waves Amplitude

Waves Velocity

Velocity calculation waves

Types of wave Transverse waves

Longitudinal wave

Standing waves

Musical instrumental waves

Wind instruments waves

wind instruments waves 

String instruments waves

Audible frequency wave

Ultrasonic and subsonic waves

Ultrasonic sounds wave

Ocen depth 

Seismograph 

Doppler effect 

Tuning fork

Acoustics of Auditorium

Test yourself

For more details View Video.

Waves